Credit Appraisal Process

List of Chapters 1. Presentation * Reason for choosing the task * Scheme of the undertaking * Research Methodology * Limitation of the investigation 2. CREDIT POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANK * Commercial banks and its goals * Recent approach improvements with respect to bank credit * Changing period of bank credit * Trends of bank credit in India * Procedure for giving bank credit * Credit Appraisal 3. THE PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PNB * Indian financial segment and its significant difficulties * Punjab National Bank initially * Mission and Vision * Organizational structure of PNB 4. Acknowledge PHILOSOPHY and POLICY For REGARDS TO PNB Credit reasoning * Credit strategy * Introduction to advances * Classification of advances * Building up of a proposition * Requirements according to constitution of borrower * Financial Appraisal 5. Investigation AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA * Credit Appraisal procedures * Process of credit examination for giving money credit * Appraisal methods for reta il advances 6. End * Conclusion * BIBLIOGRAPHY Introduction The most recent year money related emergencies have become the primary driver for downturn which was begun in 2006 from US and was spread over the world. The world economy has been significantly influenced from the crisis.The protections in stock trade have tumbled down definitely which has become the main driver of chapter 11 of numerous money related foundations and people. The main driver of the monetary and money related emergency is credit default of large organizations and people which has gravely affected the world economy. So in the current situation investigating one’s credit value has gotten significant for any budgetary establishment before giving any type of credit office so such circumstance doesn’t emerge in not so distant future once more. Investigation of the credit value of the borrowers is known as Credit Appraisal.In request to comprehend the credit examination framework followed by the bank s this undertaking has been directed. The venture has examined the acknowledge evaluation strategy for unique reference to Punjab National Bank which incorporates thinking about the distinctive credit offices gave by the banks to its clients, how an advance proposition is being made, what are the conventions that will be fulfilled and above all thinking about the different credit examination procedures which are diverse for each kind of credit office. Before going further it is important to comprehend the need and fundamental system of the project.Therefore this section gives a prologue to the theme, goal of the task, explanations behind choosing the undertaking and the essential structure and structure how the venture continues. So as to comprehend the significance of the subject chosen a prologue to the diagram of the business bank , its capacities, and present patterns and development in bank credit are required and it is shrouded in this section. Purposes behind choosing the und ertaking Whenever an individual or an organization utilizes a credit that implies they are acquiring cash that they guarantee to reimburse with in a pre-chosen period.In request to survey the reimbursing capacity I. e. to assess their credit value banks utilize different strategies that contrast with the various sorts of credit offices gave by the bank. In the current situation where it is seen that huge organizations and money related foundations have been bankrupted in light of credit default so Credit Appraisal has become a significant angle in the financial division and is increasing prime significance. It is the episode of credit defaults that has offered ascend to the money related emergency of 2008-09.But in India the credit default is nearly less that different nations, for example, US. One reason prompting this might be acceptable evaluation strategies utilized by banks and money related establishments in India. In the long run the significance of this task is for the most part to comprehend the credit evaluation procedures utilized by the manages an account with exceptional reference to Punjab National Bank. Plan of the venture It covers the goal and structure of the undertaking which is talked about as follows:- Objective of the task The general target of this undertaking is to under stand the current credit evaluation framework utilized in banks.The Credit Appraisal framework has been examined according to the distinctive credit offices gave by the bank. The nitty gritty clarification about the strategies and procedure has been examined in detail in the further parts. Structure or Plan of the undertaking The task above all else makes an investigation about the business banks-its significant capacities. At that point it features on the idea of Bank Credit and its ongoing patterns. The venture at that point continues towards the loaning method of banks and here it features about credit examination being the initial phase in working up of an advance p roposal.Then it talks about the bank acknowledge strategy for regard to Punjab National bank where the task was attempted. The task at that point continues with the survey of writing I. e. audit of some past work in regards to credit examination by different analysts. The undertaking at that point moves towards research approach where it covers the data with respect to the sort of information gathered and the hypothetical ideas utilized in the task are talked about in detail. At that point the venture continues with the following section comprising of the investigation part which covers the examination of different methods utilized by the banks with the end goal of credit appraisal.Then the undertaking moves to its next part I. e. discoveries where a few outcomes discovered are deciphered and afterward proceeding onward to the last and the last part I. e. the recommendations and ends where a few stages are proposed to be executed to expand the work proficiency and to decrease to wor k pressure Commercial banks and its goals A business bank is a sort of budgetary delegate that gives financial records, investment accounts, and currency showcase accounts and that acknowledges time deposits.Some utilize the term â€Å"commercial bank† to allude to a bank or a division of a bank principally managing stores and advances from enterprises or huge organizations. This is the thing that individuals ordinarily call a â€Å"bank†. The term â€Å"commercial† was utilized to recognize it from a speculation bank. Business banks are the most seasoned, greatest and quickest developing monetary go-betweens in India. They are likewise the most significant stores of open investment funds and the most significant disbursers of account. Business banking in India is a special financial framework, the like of which exists no place in the world.The truth of this announcement turns out to be clear as one examinations the way of thinking and approaches that have added to the development of banking strategy, projects and activities in India. The financial framework in India works under imperatives that go with social control and open possession. The open responsibility for has been accomplished in three phases: 1995, july 1969 and April, 1980. The open division banks as well as the private segment and outside banks are required to meet the objectives in regard of sectoral arrangement of credit, territorial conveyance of branches, and local credit store ratios.The activities of banks have been controlled by lead bank conspire, Differential Rate of premium plan, Credit approval plot, stock standards and loaning frameworks recommended by the specialists, the definition of credit plans, and administration territory approach. Business Banks in India have an exceptional job in India. The special job of the banks is the consequence of their one of a kind highlights. The liabilities of Bank are cash and in this way they are significant piece of the insta llment component of any country.For a money related framework to activate and apportion reserve funds of the nation effectively and beneficially and to encourage everyday exchanges there must be a class of budgetary foundations that the open perspectives are as protected and helpful outlets for its investment funds. The structure and working of the financial framework are basic to a country’s monetary security and financial development. It has been properly asserted that the enhancement and improvement of Indian Economy are in no little measure because of the dynamic job banks have played financing monetary exercises of various sectors.Major goals of business banks Bank Credit The getting limit gave to a person by the financial framework, as credit or an advance is known as a bank credit. The all out bank credit the individual has is the aggregate of the getting limit every loan specialist bank gives to the person. The working ideal models of the financial business all in all and credit regulation specifically have experienced a significant change. * Lending rates have fallen pointedly. * Traditional development and gaining, for example, corporate credit has been either moderate or not productive as in the past. Banks moving into retail money, financing cost on the once appealing retail advances additionally began descending. * Credit dangers has went up and new sorts dangers are surfaced Types of credit-Bank in India give primarily transient credit to financing working capital needs despite the fact that, as will be seen in this manner, their term advances have expanded throughout the years. The different sorts of advances give by them are: (a) Term Loans, (b) money credit, (c) overdrafts, (d) request Loans , (e) buy and limiting of business bills, and, (f) portion or recruit buy credit. Volume of Credit-Commercial banks are a significant wellspring of money to industry and trade. Remarkable bank credit has continued expanding from Rs 727 crore in 1951 to Rs 19,124 crore in 1978, to Rs 69,713 crore in 1986, Rs 1,01,453 crore in 1989-90 , Rs 2,82,702 crore in 1997 and to Rs 6,09,053 crore in 2002. Banks have presented numerous imaginative plans for the dispensing of credit. Among such plans are town selection, agribusiness improvement branches and value finance for little units. As of late, a large portion of the banks have presented appealing instruction credit plans for seeking after investigations at home or abroad.They have I

It Outsourcing Essay -- Globalization Essays, Papers

It Outsourcing Presentation Organizations are progressively re-appropriating the administration of data innovation (IT) for reasons that incorporate worry for cost and quality, slacking IT execution, provider pressure, access to extraordinary specialized and application aptitudes, and other budgetary components. The re-appropriating arrangement is satisfactory to enormous and little firms the same on the grounds that vital unions are currently increasingly normal and the IT condition is evolving quickly. Motivation TO OUTSOURCE In spite of the fact that the blend of elements raising the chance of re-appropriating differs broadly starting with one organization then onto the next, there are a progression of topics that clarify the greater part of the weights to re-appropriate. Above all else, general managers’ worries about expense and quality drive re-appropriating. Similar issues, for example, getting existing administrations at a decreased cost at satisfactory quality standard came up more than once. Second, inability to satisfy administration guidelines can constrain the executives to discover different methods of accomplishing unwavering quality. It isn't atypical to discover an organization in which combined IT the executives disregard in the long run finished in a wild circumstance the present IT office couldn't recuperate from. The executives can see re-appropriating as an approach to fix a messed up division. Third, a firm under extraordinary expense or serious weights, which doesn't consider IT to be its center ability, may discover re-appropriating an approach to designate tedious, muddled issues so it can concentrate rare administration time and vitality on different differentiators. Next, a few money related issues can make re-appropriating engaging. One is the chance to sell the firm’s elusive IT resource, along these lines reinforcing the asset report and keeping away from a flood of irregular capital interests later on. Likewise, re-appropriating can transform a to a great extent fixed-cost business into one with variable expenses. This is especially significant for firms whose exercises change broadly in volume starting with one year then onto the next or which face critical cutting back. THE BENEFITS FROM OUTSOURCING Re-appropriating has recognized various potential advantages. Money related advantages from redistributing included quick financing of new frameworks improvement and economies of scale and extension. As unite foundation through IT re-appropriating, a firm can encounter cost decreases in equipment and programming authorizing, offices, and bolster headcount. Re-appropriating, likewise, can benefit from an outside ve... ...s not had involvement with banding together exercises previously, the relationship can create significant pressures. The advancement of innovations frequently changes its key importance administration to a firm. From the customer’s perspective, appointing a ware administration to an outcast is extremely alluring if the cost is correct. Designating a firm’s administration differentiator is another issue. The client that settled on the first choice on productivity will pass judgment on it contrastingly if utilizing viability measures later. End IT re-appropriating has such a significant number of constructive outcomes for an organization despite the fact that it despite everything contains different issue should have been understood. In the Internet age, any organization might need to concentrate its inner staff on moving it to the condition that will bolster them tomorrow and redistributing could be perhaps the best arrangement. Likewise, re-appropriating is extremely a greater amount of a joining of two separate organizations to be effective. Both need to take the best pieces of each culture and set up them. What's more, basic achievement factors including presence of a multi-years, corporate pledge to the IM system and redistributing, and quality culture and demeanor ought to be considered in re-appropriating.

Interview Tips from an MIT Educational Counselor

Interview Tips from an MIT Educational Counselor I was an interviewer myself for many years before leading the Educational Council but think it would be helpful for you to hear some advice from a current interviewer named Nikki Springer. Here are some suggestions she has for you as you prepare for your interview: I can’t believe I graduated from MIT 10 years ago! Each time I am lucky enough to be back on campus it immediately feels like home, and I remember my own interview like it was yesterday. I’ve been an EC for six years and have interviewed 50+ applicants in the places work and life have taken me: Bentonville, Arkansas, Springfield, Missouri, Seattle, Shanghai, and New Haven, CT. I’m currently working on a joint MBA/PhD in Environmental Management at Yale and have been the Regional Coordinator for the New Haven, CT area for the past three years. Like most ECs, I LOVE interviewing applicants. It’s a unique and amazing way to stay connected to MIT and the students I meet are inspiring in so many different ways. Everyone at MIT genuinely wants your interview experience to be as low-stress and rewarding as possible, and to that regard, I’ve put together a list of tips for applicants based on interviews I have conducted. Remember that every interview will be unique, and that is what MIT wants, but these suggestions should help to alleviate a bit of nervousness regardless of where, when, and with whom your interview is with. 1. Don’t wait until the last minute to contact us. ECs know that the college application season is a stressful and busy time for applicants and that sometimes it can be hard to find a convenient time and place for your interview which is why the admissions office has deadlines for contacting your EC. While most of the applicants I have interviewed contact me before the deadlines, there is always a small rush of requests right before (or right after) the deadline. It’s in your best interest not to be part of that rush. If circumstances lead you to a last-minute request for an interview, try to be especially flexible in your availability, as your EC also has to scramble to accommodate you and have time to write your report before the application deadline. 2. Be nice in your emails â€" first impressions count. Your EC only has a very limited amount of time to get to know you and make a recommendation about you. This includes the email (or phone) communication to set up the interview. The vast majority of applicants are perfectly nice in their communication, but I’ve had a few experiences with applicants who are curt, demanding, or rude in their emails, or applicants who fail to demonstrate any sort of command of the English language, and I don’t hesitate to include that in my interview report. Remember that part of what ECs look for are NICE people, and this includes people who are nice in their correspondence. This is especially true if you are contacting your EC at the last minute and asking to be quickly accommodated. (See #1) 3. Dress nicely â€" but not too nicely. ECs know that the students we interview are real kids, and that is what we expect. I’ve interviewed students in three-piece suits with their hair slicked back and a briefcase under their arm â€" they look sharp, but overdressed. This is not an interview for a Wall Street bank. I’ve also interviewed students who look like they have just rolled out of bed after a night of too much fun. If you shouldn’t wear it to the grocery store, you shouldn’t wear it to your college interview. It’s perfectly ok to wear the same clothes you wore to school that day, whether that is a uniform with a blazer, your team jersey and sneakers, or jeans and a non-offensive t-shirt. 4. Bring something cool. I always encourage the students I interview to bring something they are proud of to share with me. I have had applicants bring editions of their school newspaper or literary magazines that have articles they have written, laptops to show me websites they have built or movies they have made, engineering projects they are tinkering with when they should be doing homework, and yearbooks that include photos or layouts they have worked on. It often seems to help break the ice when we have something physical to discuss, and it makes you, the applicant, much more memorable to us, especially when we have a number of interviews in a short period of time. If you do bring a “show-and-tell” object, though, make sure you are prepared to talk about it. Being able to present and discuss your work will be a huge and important skill in college and beyond, and presenting something cool to your EC is a great opportunity to practice. Remember that your EC may or may not have any idea about the fields you are most interested in (or they may be an expert!!), so prepare for both scenarios. Being able to explain something to someone outside of your field is critical as you begin applying for grants, fellowships, or pitching projects to clients. We call this the “grandmother test” â€" can you explain your highly technical work to your grandmother in a way that she will understand? Of course, if your grandmother went to MIT than that question takes on a whole new meaning… It certainly isn’t a requirement that you bring anything, but if you have something special to share, I highly recommend it. Note â€" if you are formally submitting artwork or other materials in conjunction with your application, the interview is not a substitute for that. Feel free to bring and/or share these things with your EC, but make sure you also follow instructions from the admissions office about how to officially submit that material. 5. Every interview will be different, and there is no “right” answer. Hopefully you know this already, but ECs don’t have a standard set of questions we ask each applicant. There are no math problems to solve and there is no way to ‘study’ for the interview. Each EC has his/her own style and each interview will have its own vibe. Don’t rely on friends or classmates to tell you what their interview was like â€" yours will be different. Some interviews flow naturally as a conversation, while others take on a more traditional question and answer format. Either is ok and not a judgment on the applicant. If you are asked a series of questions, however, avoid one-word answers â€" the more in-depth and genuine the information you provide us is, the better our report will be. The best way to prepare for an interview is to review the things that YOU want to talk about. I often ask the applicants I interview “What else would you like the admissions office to know about you?” This is a great opportunity for you to fill in and round out your application with information that doesn’t seem to fit elsewhere, but only if you come prepared to share that with us. Make sure you feel confident answering probably the two most common interview questions: (1) Why do you want to go to MIT? And (2) Tell me about yourself. 6. It’s ok to Google us. But not too much. ECs know we are part of the digital world and social media. It’s no surprise that most applicants I interview have Googled me and know a bit about my major, year of graduation, that I completed my master’s at the “other” school in Cambridge, etc. If you can smoothly work in some questions regarding our background, more power to you, but don’t feel the need to compare yourself to us, and don’t dwell on our own backgrounds. However, avoid questions that ask us to directly compare MIT to another institution that we may have attended, regardless of whether or not you may be submitting an application there as well. Also, please refrain from sending us friend requests on Facebook and/or connection requests on Linked In during the application cycle. I’ve known applicants and ECs who have become friends and/or kept in touch for many years, but it’s best to wait until after the application decisions have been made before continuing this relationship. 7. Don’t bring paperwork â€" most ECs take notes. ECs are not supposed to know your grades or test scores, or see recommendation letters from teachers or coaches. Our assessment of your application is to be based only on our interview experience with you. Most ECs will take notes during the interview, and that is to be expected, but please refrain from bringing copies of transcripts, test scores, and the like. Some students bring a small resume/CV with a listing of extra-curricular activities, which is fine (but not required), but please remove any grades or test scores before your interview. 8. Come prepared with questions for us. The interview is really more of a two-way conversation than a formal interview, and we are happy to answer questions from students. Feel free to ask us about the classes we took, how we decided what to major in, where we lived, our activities, if we missed home, etc. Keep in mind that every EC is different and that things at the Institute continue to change, so no two MIT experiences are completely alike, but we wouldn’t be ECs if we didn’t enjoy sharing our own MIT experiences. If you do ask questions, however, make sure they are intelligent ones that show you have done at least a little bit of research on MIT. You don’t need to know everything about the UROP program, for example, but a question like “Are there any opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research?” tells us you have hardly looked at the website. Just like you wouldn’t go to a job interview and ask what the company does, don’t come to your MIT interview and ask overly simplistic questions. Th is is a time for you to help learn whether MIT might be a good fit for you, so help yourself make the most of it. 9. Try not to be too nervous â€" but we understand if you are. Every EC knows that the college application process is a stressful one, and that all applicants are nervous during the interview. It’s ok â€" if you weren’t nervous at all, we would likely think you were either (1) overly confident; or (2) not that interested in MIT. My advice is not to let it get the best of you. If you are asked a question and need a moment to think before you respond, that’s ok. If you start to ramble and realize you are off on a tangent, that’s ok â€" pause for a minute, smile, and start again. I would rather an applicant tell me upfront “I’m really nervous,” than to try to hide it and stammer through the interview. Remember that all ECs, regardless of our age, background, or occupation, are all volunteering to conduct interviews because we believe that MIT is an amazing place and we want to help the next generation of MIT students succeed.

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice chapter...

Chapter 4 5 Assignment By Lydia Henley Chapter 4 5 In chapter four, I particularly liked how they started off with the unethical decisions that famous politicians had made. On a side note I think it is quite obvious that all of that bad press led to John Edward’s eventual downfall in the election. I think it was ironic how the governor, Spitzer, had promised to clean up the streets but then turned and was caught on tape setting up a â€Å"date† with a call girl. It is, in my opinion; when you are in a position of power the people who are under you, or look up to you, ultimately decide your credibility. With that said, if you re in a position of power any†¦show more content†¦Of course I knew that things similar to this went on, but actually reading a story about it made me sick. I find it difficult that someone could put a price on a crime that they would commit. I know that the majority of people I know say† never say never†, but I know that I would never commit a crime for my own benefit. That is why I definitely do not believe the saying â€Å" every man has his price â€Å". This small section actually interested me so much that i went ahead and read about this Martha Garncia lady and what she actually did. I did not find it settling that she was only given 20 years and four years of supervised release. She could have let in hundreds of murders, rapist, and or lawbreakers every time she smuggled in people and she only had to do 20 years in prison. I also find it disturbing that they imported over 200 pounds of marijuana on many different occasions. For me, right off the bat, I found the opening small story of chapter five shocking. I wonder what has to go through someone s mind and thoughts, in order to commit such a heinous crime like the one the story says they did. 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Acid Rain Science Fair Project Ideas

Looking for creative science fair projects? Acid rain is an important, interesting topic. Acid rain (pH less than 5.0) is rain that is more acidic than normal (pH greater than or equal to 5.0). Rising to prominence in the 1960s when Scandinavian lakes became too acidic resulting in fish deaths, acid rain was traced to pollutant emissions from western and central Europe. Today, acid rain is a ubiquitous dilemma that is a serious issue in portions of North America and eastern Canada. Science Fair Acid Rain Project Ideas Explain how acid rain started.Show the rain cycle.What is the major cause of acid rain?How do we combat acid rain? What happens if we dont? Link Resources About Acid Rain What is Acid Rain?  - Article from the EPA includes a detailed diagram of the acid rain cycle.Environmental Protection Agency: Acid Rain Program  - Includes a copy of current laws and regulation.Acid Rain and Plant Growth  - Experiment developed concerning plant growth and acid rain. Recommended Books for Science Fair Projects 365 Simple Science Experiments with Everyday Materials -  The fundamentals of science are brought to life in a years worth of fun and educational hands-on experiments that can be performed easily and inexpensively at home. People who have purchased this book have called it easy to understand and great for the student who needs a project but they arent really interested in the sciences. The book is for both young and older students.The Scientific American Book of Great Science Fair Projects - From creating your own non-newtonian fluids (slime, putty, and goop!) to teaching a sow bug how to run through a maze, youll be astounded at the number of incredible things you can do with Scientific American Great Science Fair Projects. Based on the long-standing and well-respected Amateur Scientist column in Scientific American, each experiment can be done with ordinary materials found around the house or that are easily available at low cost.Strategies for Winning Science Fair Projects - Wri tten by a science fair judge and an international science fair winner, this must-have resource is packed with strategies and pointers for putting together a winning science fair project. Here youll get the nitty-gritty on a wide variety of topics, from the fundamentals of the science fair process to the last-minute details of polishing your presentation.The Book of Totally Irresponsible Science: 64 Daring Experiments for Young Scientists - Introducing 64 valuable science experiments that snap, crackle, pop, ooze, crash, boom, and stink! From Marshmallows on Steroids to Home-Made Lightning, the Sandwich Bag Bomb to Giant Air Cannon, The Book of Totally Irresponsible Science awakens kids curiosity while demonstrating scientific principles like osmosis, air pressure, and Newtons Third Law of Motion.

The Tempest as a Power Struggle Between the New and the Old World Free Essays

To what extent do you agree that The Tempest is a power struggle between the old and the new world? Shakespeare’s Plays II Assignment 1 Rocio Corral Garcia 119042576 It is generally accepted that Shakespeare’s Play The Tempest is complex in many senses, but it cannot be denied that it is especially rich in terms of interpretation. A huge variety of critical analyses have been written about Shakespeare’s last play suggesting different possible approaches to it, such as human salvation, magic, colonisation and power. This essay will focus on the struggle between the old and the new world, which is one of the major themes in this play and that can be easily applied to politics and conspiracy in their more broad sense. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tempest as a Power Struggle Between the New and the Old World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prospero is a European who dominates the island on his own and he is able to do so because he has magic powers. In this way he controls the island and its inhabitants by combining threats of force, promises of freedom and all kind of techniques characteristic of a proper dictator. He takes charge of the island which does not belong to him and exerts his power over the inhabitants, forcing them to serve him as slaves. It is almost impossible to draw a parallelism between this situation and the European colonial power in North America during the XVII century. Thus, it may be assumed that the old world stands for Europe and all its common practices and customs while the new world is represented by the uncivilised island. Throughout the whole play the reader is able to find several occasions in which the struggle between the new and the old world is very noticeable. In the first scene of the play, for example, we find the exchange between Prospero and Miranda talking about what has been left in the old world: dukedom and serving women. For them, living in the island means abandoning all these things and implementing facets of the new world. Miranda has been educated by her father following the old world rules but at the same time she has learned the secrets of the island by Caliban. Caliban is a native of the island who rails against language and is forced to submit. He reveals against all those things related to the old world, since he belongs to the new one. This fighting is constant along the play. Then, on the second act Shakespeare presents the difference between the new and the old world in terms of appearance. That is to say, the green and the light of the new world contrast with the European world. The new world is wild and uncivilised. Gonzalo has his own dream which is labelled as a utopian view of the island. He portrays it without order and hierarchy. In his new world there would not be chaos because everyone will be happy: I’ the commonwealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic Would I admit; no name of magistrate; Letters should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil; No occupation; all men idle, all; And women too, but innocent and pure; No sovereignty; The reader may acknowledge this as the internal fight men had in this era. Following this scene we find the metaphor of the drunken servant men that come to the island and they imagine that they are able to rule it, thinking that they will secure the loyalty of a native through gifts and the promise of benevolent ruling. This metaphor is made on the basis of a strong parallelism with the real accounts of the colonisation. So, there cannot be any reading of The Tempest without considering it as a study of colonialism. During the colonisation the struggle between the colonizers and the colonized world was a constant feature, so this view support the idea that The Tempest is a clear example of the struggle between the old and the new world. The English colonial project is on Shakespeare’s mind throughout the play, as almost every character, from Gonzalo to Stephano, imagines how he would rule the island if he were its king. Shakespeare seems as well to be influenced by Montagne’s essay â€Å"Of the Cannibals† since the name of Prospero’s servant is Caliban could be an anagram of â€Å"cannibal†. Prospero stands for the dominant part in his relationship with Caliban and his allusions to him are most the time is contemptuous. Prospero describes Caliban as: â€Å"Devil, a born devil on whose nature, Nurture can never stick† This description of Caliban is quite similar to those descriptions of the â€Å"savages† by Captain John Smith who set the first English settlement in Jamestown, or to those descriptions given by Mary Rowlandson later in the XVII century. These descriptions fit perfectly with Prospero’s concept of Caliban, so maybe Shakespeare’s intention here is to make a direct link between the current accounts of the colonisation process and the situation of the play. Again, this makes a clear instance that the play wants to portray the confrontation between the old and the new world. This clear struggle in the play between the new and the old world may be emphasized by political themes associated with Caliban’s conspiracy and Prospero’s colonialist control of the island. This essay will focus now on the political issue of the play. On the one hand, it may be clear that usurpation is the main political theme pervading the play. The possibility of usurpation is precisely what allows Prospero to legitimise and sustain his totalitarism on the island. Paradoxically, he was first usurped from his throne and it is him who repeats that behaviour in the island. Prospero’s power is proved by Caliban’s resistance. Caliban stands for the main dissident voice in the play. His threatening integration of Prospero’s rhetoric makes him a dangerous insider to the established system: â€Å"You taught me language, and my profit on ’t Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you For learning me your language! † Caliban’s use of language illustrates perfectly the potential to resistance contained within power. , and Prospero’s response to Caliban consists in violent outbursts of rage: â€Å"Hag-seed, hence! Fetch us in fuel. And be quick, thou ‘rt best, To answer other business. Shrug’st thou, malice? If thou neglect’st or dost unwillingly What I command, I’ll rack thee with old cramps, Fill all thy bones with aches, make thee roar That beasts shall tremble at thy din. Prospero’s violence hardly hides his terror at Caliban’s appropriation of his language. On the other hand, the play deals perfectly with the topic of conspiracy, being Caliban its maximum exponent. Caliban resists to Prospero’s authority, but this authority may be called into question, since Prospero gets it by means of usurpation. Anyway, Caliban’s role is essential in ter ms of resistance; however, by depriving Prospero by his unique discourse, he represents the existence of alternative voices in the island. He exposes three different versions of the past in the island: Caliban’s, Ariel’s and Prospero’s, although it is the latest the one who succeed. Prospero appropriates the past of the island, and he rewrites history according to his own standards, in order to construct a credible narrative. Caliban shows his resistance: â€Å"This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother, Which thou takest from me† Prospero manages to make his version the one to be trusted. He describes Sycorax as the malevolent witch, a chaos and evil, which contrasts with him, the balance. This is another actual clue that asserts the play as the struggle between the new and the old world. Prospero assures that it was Sycorax who imprisoned Ariel and it was him who released Ariel. It seems that Sycorax is dead, since she does not appear on stage, but her presence lurks ominously in the background. Despite her physical absence from the play Sycorax has great importance. In the politics of the play she serves an ideological function as she is constructed as the evil witch, the ‘other’, through which Prospero’s ownership of the island is legitimised. She is constructed as being the antithesis to Prospero – female, non-European and evil – and Prospero uses her to justify his acts of dispossession. Prospero shapes the past on his own way. However, the presence of other rivals frightens Prospero, and his anxiety increases as it is shown with his irrational outburst of anger at Caliban’s command of language. Besides, in the island there are different ideological ways of thinking, such as Gonzalo’s political manifesto mentioned above â€Å"No sovereignty† (2. 1, 156). Indeed, Gonzalo’s utopia is likely to the real hierarchy in the island, ince there is a king but without sovereignty. Another aspect of the play that may be related to politics is the marriage between Miranda and Ferinand, since it serves as an agreement between the old world, here represented by Ferinand, and the new world, embodied by Miranda. In this way the marriage stands as a peace treaty between both worlds. It might repre sent a political marriage, which were very common during the Elizabethan period. The reader may find another political marriage in the play, since in Act II Alonso’s daughter marries the king of Tunis against her wishes. But this is not the case of Miranda, since she falls in love to Ferinand at the first glance. However, this marriage is a sort of business because Miranda is a political tool in Prospero’s plan. Besides, it is very interesting that Miranda is the only female character on an island full of men. She makes possible the reconciliation and redemption of both, Prospero and Alonso. The most important value of Miranda is her chastity which enables the marriage. Virginity is a matter of politics in the play, since with Miranda being not pure the marriage would not be possible. But Prospero makes sure that her daughter is virgin and emphasizes Miranda’s purity linking her to her mother: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir And princess no worse issued. Finally, it may be concluded that The Tempest presents different instances of the struggle between the old and the new world, and that Shakespeare draws a strong parallelism with the issue of colonisation and the plot of the play. It might be also acknowledged that there is a final reconciliation between both worlds which is sealed by Miranda and Ferinand’s marriage. Although this play was composed in the XVII century, there are several timeless topics that Shakespeare portrays like political usurpation, conspiracy and struggle for power, that occupy a first place in present day life. Bibliography Primary texts: Shakespeare, William. The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974 Secondary texts: Free Tempest Essays: â€Å"Relevance of The Tempest Today† Retrieved February 26, 2012 from: http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=7486 Gibson, Rex. The Tempest. Cambridge Student Guides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006. Hamilton, Donna B. Virgil and The Tempest: The Politics of Imitation . Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990. Montaigne, Michael de, The Complete Essays. London: Penguin,2003. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Gonzalo’s speech. (2. 1,123-32) [ 2 ]. Montagne, Michael de. The Complete Essays. Trans. M. A. Screech. London: Penguin, 2003 [ 3 ]. Prospero’s description of Caliban (4. 1,188-9) [ 4 ]. Caliban’s speech (1. 2,369-70) [ 5 ]. Prospero’s speech (1. 2,371-76) [ 6 ]. Caliban’s words (1. 2,334. 5) [ 7 ]. Prospero’s speech (1. 2,56-59) How to cite The Tempest as a Power Struggle Between the New and the Old World, Essay examples

Performing Arts Is a Waste of Time, Money and Resource Essay Example For Students

Performing Arts Is a Waste of Time, Money and Resource Essay Nowadays almost all schools include such subjects as art, drama, and music in their educational program. Therefore, by the time when children graduate school they have general understanding and basic knowledge in all of them. In my opinion, it is a positive tendency and these subjects should indeed be a part of every childs education. Would like to introduce several reasons and examples that believe will support my viewpoint. First and foremost, teaching of subjects such as art, drama and music is very crucial in forming of a thoroughly developed ND educated individual who is well aware not only of science and related fields but also of arts in wide sense of this word. Completely educated person should have skills or at least knowledge in and understanding of art, music and drama as well, because these subjects develop creativity and artistic approach to life and surrounding world. Even though if a child will not pursue any of these fields of arts, he Will be able to comprehend and appreciate them, by making his input to preservation and promotion of these subjects in future. For example, did not attend any specialized music or art school, but my basic knowledge obtained at school assist me in apprehension and evaluation of pieces of art, music or drama. In addition, I can hold discussion in any Of these subjects Without any difficulties due to my background, received at school. Furthermore, teaching of these subjects helps parents in detection of hidden talents and special aptitudes of their child, because usually parents take their children to specialized art or music schools after discovering interest and abilities toward any of the mentioned subjects. For instance, my neighbors decided to send their seven years daughter to fine art courses because she was doing very well in her art class, especially in painting. Moreover, teaching of these subjects enrich the inside world of any child and assist in expression to ideas, thoughts and feelings that a child is unable to due to the traits of character, Usually people who cannot convey their feelings through words are successfully express them by playing music, drawing, reading sculptures and so on _ The best example is the prominent scientist A. Einstein who was at the same time a very good violin player. When asked of the reason of his passion to music he responded that it was the best way to express what he could not deliver in words. In contrary, too much propagation of music, art or drama may shift a child away from the other subjects that constitute an important part of education as well. Only few of children display special aptitude to the mentioned subjects and mere interest in, let us say, music may erasure parents and a child to believe falsely that the latter has talent to it and drift him/her away from studying Other subjects, causing serious gaps in a childs education. In conclusion, would like to emphasize, that teaching of music, art, and drama are critical in revealing hidden abilities Of children toward these subjects and in forming completely educated and thoroughly developed individual with rich inside world. That is why adhere to opinion that music, art and drama should be a part of every childs education.